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COVID-19 Variants and Vaccines
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Vaccine Overview

Vaccination can be the most efficient and effective measures in controlling the pandemics and save millions of lives. There are currently more than 60 COVID-19 vaccine candidates in clinical development and over 170 in pre-clinical development. The GVN is providing valuable information and resources for COVID-19 vaccines.

Available COVID-19 Vaccines COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies Sources for Vaccine Safety and Other Information

Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 for Vaccine Development

  • Spike (S) protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment, fusion, and entry.
  • Receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein binds to human ACE2 receptor.
  • RBD is a target for induction of neutralizing antibodies.
  • For current COVID-19 vaccine development, the spike protein is expressed by using various platforms to induce immune responses.

Available COVID-19 Vaccines

Company
Type of Vaccine
In Use

Pfizer-BioNTech

mRNA Based

EU, Argentina, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Bahrain, US, UK

Moderna

mRNA Based

Canada, Israel, Switzerland, EU, US, UK

Oxford-AstraZeneca

Adenovirus vectored

Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, EU, Iceland, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, UK

Johnson and Johnson

Adenovirus vectored

South Africa, US, UK, EU, Canada

Gamaleya (Sputnik V)

Two different adenoviruses

Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Hungary, Palestine, Paraguay, Serbia, Turkmenistan, UAE, and Venezuela, Belarus, Russia.

CanSino Biologics (Petrovax)

Adenovirus vectored

China’s Central Military Commission (military use)

Sinopharm

Inactivated

Bahrain, China, Pakistan, UAE

Sinovac

Inactivated

Brazil, China, Indonesia

Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems

Inactivated

Kazakhstan

Bharat Biotech

Inactivated

India

COVID-19 Vaccine Strategies

Type of Vaccine
How It Works

Messenger RNA based vaccines

  • Directly deliver the genetic information to the cell for expressing the  spike protein into the body

  • The expressed viral protein will induce immune responses.

Viral vectored vaccines

  • Deliver and express the spike protein using other viruses (vector)

  • These viral vectors are safe to be used as a vaccine (example: adenovirus)

Nanoparticle based
vaccines

  • Direct injection of the spike protein assembled into nanoparticles

  • The protein will be presented to the immune cells to induce the immune responses 

DNA based vaccines

  • Deliver a plasmid encoding the spike protein into the cells

  • The protein will be presented to the immune cells to induce the immune responses

Inactivated vaccines

  • Classic vaccine approach

  • Use of killed virus particles containing the spike protein but also all other viral proteins

Live-attenuated vaccines

  • Use of a living but weakened version of a virus (example: measles virus)

  • Mimic a natural infection

Sources for Vaccine Safety and Other Information

  • CDC Guidelines: When You’ve Been Fully Vaccinated
  • WHO Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety
  • CDC Vaccines & Immunizations
  • CDC Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines
  • NIH Vaccines
  • European Medicine Agency COVID-19 Vaccines
  • Tracking COVID-19 vaccine distribution and administration activities:
    Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
    Johns Hopkins University
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