Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 for Vaccine Development
- Spike (S) protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment, fusion, and entry.
- Receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein binds to human ACE2 receptor.
- RBD is a target for induction of neutralizing antibodies.
- For current COVID-19 vaccine development, the spike protein is expressed by using various platforms to induce immune responses.
Company | Type of Vaccine | In Use |
Pfizer-BioNTech | mRNA Based | EU, Argentina, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Bahrain, US, UK |
Moderna | mRNA Based | Canada, Israel, Switzerland, EU, US, UK |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | Adenovirus vectored | Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brazil, Chile, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, EU, Iceland, India, Iraq, Kuwait, Maldives, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, UK |
Johnson and Johnson | Adenovirus vectored | South Africa, US, UK, EU, Canada |
Gamaleya (Sputnik V) | Two different adenoviruses | Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Hungary, Palestine, Paraguay, Serbia, Turkmenistan, UAE, and Venezuela, Belarus, Russia. |
CanSino Biologics (Petrovax) | Adenovirus vectored | China’s Central Military Commission (military use) |
Sinopharm | Inactivated | Bahrain, China, Pakistan, UAE |
Sinovac | Inactivated | Brazil, China, Indonesia |
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems | Inactivated | Kazakhstan |
Bharat Biotech | Inactivated | India |
Type of Vaccine | How It Works |
Messenger RNA based vaccines |
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Viral vectored vaccines |
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Nanoparticle based |
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DNA based vaccines |
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Inactivated vaccines |
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Live-attenuated vaccines |
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- CDC Guidelines: When You’ve Been Fully Vaccinated
- WHO Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety
- CDC Vaccines & Immunizations
- CDC Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines
- NIH Vaccines
- European Medicine Agency COVID-19 Vaccines
- Tracking COVID-19 vaccine distribution and administration activities:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Johns Hopkins University